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高中所有化学方程式，高中化学方程式大全( 二 )

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高中所有化学方程式，高中化学方程式大全


2，高中化学方程式是什么金属氧化物类方程式1、低价态的还原性：6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H++NO3―＝Fe3++NO2↑＋2H2O2、氧化性：Na2O2+2Na2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O)MgO，Al2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg，Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉）Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OCuO+H2Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI==6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H++4I―＝6Fe2++8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe3FeO(炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂）FeO+CFe+CO(高温炼钢调节C含量）2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2(高温炼钢调节Si含量）3、与水的作用：Na2O+H2O==2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na++2OH–2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2↑2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na++4OH–＋O2↑（此反应分两步：Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O2H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应：BaO2+H2SO4(稀）＝==BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应）4、与酸性物质的作用：Na2O+SO3==Na2SO4Na2O+CO2==Na2CO3MgO+SO3===MgSO4Na2O+2HCl==2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na++H2O2Na2O2+2CO2==2Na2CO3+O2↑Na2O2+H2SO4(冷，稀）＝==Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2++H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3++3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O(Al2O3两性氧化物）Al2O3+2OH―＝2AlO2―＋H2OFeO+2HCl===FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2++H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe??2O3+6H+=2Fe3++3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe3O4+8H+=2Fe3++Fe2++4H2O2含氧酸类方程式1、氧化性：4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HClClO3–＋3H2S=6H++SO42–＋Cl–HClO3+HI===HIO3+HClClO3–＋I–＝IO3–＋Cl–3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3–＋3H++Cl–HClO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HClHClO+H2SO3=3H++SO42–＋Cl–HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2↑HClO+H2O2=H++Cl–＋H2O+O2↑（氧化性：HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4,但浓，热的HClO4氧化性很强）2H2SO4(浓）＋CCO2↑＋2SO2↑＋2H2O2H2SO4(浓）＋S3SO2↑＋2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化6H2SO4(浓）＋2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑＋6H2O2H2SO4(浓）＋CuCuSO4+SO2↑＋2H2OH2SO4(浓）＋2HBr===SO2↑＋Br2+2H2O(不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(浓）＋2HI===SO2↑＋I2+2H2O(不能用浓硫酸与NaI制取HI)H2SO4(稀）＋Fe===FeSO4+H2↑2H++Fe=Fe2++H2↑H2SO3+2H2S===3S↓＋3H2O4HNO3(浓）＋CCO2↑＋4NO2↑＋2H2O6HNO3(浓）＋SH2SO4+6NO2↑＋2H2O5HNO3(浓）＋PH3PO4+5NO2↑＋H2O5HNO3(稀）＋3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO↑5H++5NO3-+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO↑6HNO3(浓足）＋Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑＋3H2O4HNO3(浓）＋Fe(足）＝==Fe(NO3)2+NO2↑＋2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe2+的盐）4HNO3(稀足）＋Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO↑＋2H2O4H++NO3-+Fe=Fe3++NO↑＋2H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑＋15H2O30H++6NO3–＋8Fe=8Fe3++3N2O↑＋15H2O36HNO3+10Fe===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑＋18H2O36H++6NO3–＋10Fe=8Fe3++3N2↑＋18H2O30HNO3+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30H++3NO3–＋8Fe=8Fe3++3NH4++9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀）＝=4Zn(NO3)2+N2O↑＋5H2O4Zn+10H++2NO3–＝4Zn2++N2O↑＋5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀）＝=4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H++NO3–＝4Zn2++NH4++5H2O2、还原性：H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H++SO42-+X–2H2SO3+O2==2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H++SO42-H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2OH2SO3+H2O2=2H++SO42–＋H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4–＝2Mn2++4H++3SO42–＋3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3++H2O=4H++2Fe2++SO42–3、酸性：H2SO4(浓）＋CaF2CaSO4+2HF↑（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）H2SO4(浓）＋NaClNaHSO4+HCl↑（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）H2SO4(浓）＋2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl↑（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）H2SO4(浓）＋NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3↑（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸）3H2SO4(浓）＋Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO4(强酸制弱酸酸）2H2SO4(浓）＋Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2(工业制磷肥）3HNO3+Ag3PO4==H3PO4+3AgNO33H++Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3==Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑2H++CaCO3=Ca2++H2O+CO2↑（用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S，HI，HBr，SO2等还原性气体）4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2(重钙）H3PO4(浓）＋NaBrNaH2PO4+HBr↑（不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸，磷酸是非氧化性酸）H3PO4(浓）＋NaINaH2PO4+HI↑4、不稳定性：2HClO2HCl+O2↑（保存在棕色瓶中）4HNO34NO2↑＋O2↑＋2H2O(保存在棕色瓶中）H2SO3H2O+SO2↑（在加热或酸性条件下分解）H2CO3H2O+CO2↑（在加热或酸性条件下分解）H4SiO4H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3SiO2↓＋H2OH2S2O3H2O+S↓＋SO2↑（在加热或酸性条件下分解）碱类方程式1、低价态的还原性：4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)32、与酸性物质的作用：2NaOH+SO2(少量）==Na2SO3+H2OOH–＋SO2=SO32–＋H2ONaOH+SO2(足）==NaHSO3OH-+SO2(足）=HSO3–2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2OOH-+SiO2=SiO32–＋H2O2NaOH+Al2O3==2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2–＋H2O2KOH+Cl2==KCl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH–＝Cl–＋ClO–＋H2ONaOH+HCl==NaCl+H2OH++OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足）==NaHS+H2OOH–＋H2S=HS–＋H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量）==Na2S+2H2O2OH–＋H2S=S2–＋2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3==Al(OH)3↓＋3NaCl3OH–＋Al3+=Al(OH)3↓NaOH+Al(OH)3==NaAlO2+2H2O(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性强？)OH–＋Al(OH)3=AlO2–＋2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl2CaCl2+2NH3↑＋2H2O(实验室制NH3)NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3↑＋H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4Cl==MgCl2+2NH3??H2O(Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解）Ba(OH)2+H2SO4==BaSO4↓＋2H2O2H++2OH–＋Ba2++SO42–＝BaSO4↓2H2O3、不稳定性：Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2O2AgOH==Ag2O+H2O

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